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Abstract/Sommario: This issue of the ILO magazine focuses on jobs recession and also features stories from the world of work: ageing population, migration, gender equality and youth unemployment.

Abstract/Sommario: The report highlights key gender gaps and obstacles to decent work for women. It explores the structural barriers, including unpaid care work, that shape the nature and extent of women’s engagement in paid employment, and examines how laws, policies and practices in certain countries have addressed them. The report also outlines the measures that can and should be taken to seize the opportunities presented by the changing world of work.

Abstract/Sommario: The global financial crisis and the ensuing recession have had devastating consequences for employment and poverty reduction. The ILO estimates that 34 million more people worldwide are unemployed now as a result of the crisis. Combating unemployment and striving to attain decent work for all must be a key priority as the global economy emerges from the downturn.

Abstract/Sommario: This book presents a comprehensive overview of extant literature on competence-based vocational and professional education since the introduction of the competence concept in the 1950s.

Abstract/Sommario: Ageism is a social construct of old age that portrays ageing and older people in a stereotypical, often negative, way. We are convinced that ageism is harmful both to the individuals affected and to society as a whole. Hence, this book provides a thorough overview of insights into the origins of ageism and descriptions of the mani-festations and consequences of ageism in different domains and also presents interventions which might curtail and reduce ageism.

Abstract/Sommario: This study on Italy shows that the initial responses to the economic crisis in Italy were designed with the participation of the social partners and focused on supporting small and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs). At the local level, an agreement was concluded between the Government and the regional administrations to strengthen the Wages Guarantee Fund (CIG), a special public fund used to protect workers’ income. The authors contend that the measures were successful in retaining emplo ...; [Leggi tutto...] This study on Italy shows that the initial responses to the economic crisis in Italy were designed with the participation of the social partners and focused on supporting small and medium–sized enterprises (SMEs). At the local level, an agreement was concluded between the Government and the regional administrations to strengthen the Wages Guarantee Fund (CIG), a special public fund used to protect workers’ income. The authors contend that the measures were successful in retaining employment and demonstrated the ability to address challenges through social concertation.

Abstract/Sommario: Based on the results of the Ninth International Symposium on Working Time (Paris, 26-28 February 2004), this publication provides an exploration of current developments in working time in the industrialized world; how those developments vary in different countries and under different sets of socio-economic circumstances; and the public and enterprise policies that are best suited to addressing these developments.

Abstract/Sommario: This report provides one of the first comparative studies of working conditions on five major micro-task platforms that operate globally. It is based on an ILO survey covering 3,500 workers in 75 countries around the world and other qualitative surveys. The report analyses the working conditions on these micro-task platforms, including pay rates, work availability and intensity, social protection coverage and work–life balance. The report recommends 18 principles for ensuring decent wo ...; [Leggi tutto...] This report provides one of the first comparative studies of working conditions on five major micro-task platforms that operate globally. It is based on an ILO survey covering 3,500 workers in 75 countries around the world and other qualitative surveys. The report analyses the working conditions on these micro-task platforms, including pay rates, work availability and intensity, social protection coverage and work–life balance. The report recommends 18 principles for ensuring decent work on digital labour platforms.

Abstract/Sommario: This volume presents national statistics and new global and regional estimates on the number of domestic workers. It shows that domestic workers represent a significant share of the labour force worldwide and that domestic work is an important source of wage employment for women, especially in Latin America and Asia. It also examines the extent of inclusion or exclusion of domestic workers from key working conditions laws. In particular, it analyses how many domestic workers are covere ...; [Leggi tutto...] This volume presents national statistics and new global and regional estimates on the number of domestic workers. It shows that domestic workers represent a significant share of the labour force worldwide and that domestic work is an important source of wage employment for women, especially in Latin America and Asia. It also examines the extent of inclusion or exclusion of domestic workers from key working conditions laws. In particular, it analyses how many domestic workers are covered by working time provisions, minimum wage legislation and maternity protection. The results demonstrate that under current national laws, substantial gaps in protection still remain.
The volume concludes with a summary of the main findings and a reflection on the relevance of the newly adopted international standards to extend legal protection to domestic workers.

Abstract/Sommario: The current wave of technological change based on advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) has created widespread fear of job losses and further rises in inequality. This paper discusses the rationale for these fears, highlighting the specific nature of AI and comparing previous waves of automation and robotization with the current advancements made possible by a wide-spread adoption of AI. It argues that large opportunities in terms of increases in productivity can ensue, includin ...; [Leggi tutto...] The current wave of technological change based on advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) has created widespread fear of job losses and further rises in inequality. This paper discusses the rationale for these fears, highlighting the specific nature of AI and comparing previous waves of automation and robotization with the current advancements made possible by a wide-spread adoption of AI. It argues that large opportunities in terms of increases in productivity can ensue, including for developing countries, given the vastly reduced costs of capital that some applications have demonstrated and the potential for productivity increases, especially among the low-skilled. At the same time, risks in the form of further increases in inequality need to be addressed if the benefits from AI-based technological progress are to be broadly shared.

Abstract/Sommario: The race to the post-2015 finishing line is more complicated than the 2012 Olympics. Some runners seem to have already started the race in 2006, 2009, 2010 or 2011; others haven’t started. Though it is said to be a global event, most of the current participants and competitors are from the more economically developed economies. It is assumed that there will be prizes but no one seems to know how many. Confusingly, there is a main, general race, but also an education race. Finally, the ...; [Leggi tutto...] The race to the post-2015 finishing line is more complicated than the 2012 Olympics. Some runners seem to have already started the race in 2006, 2009, 2010 or 2011; others haven’t started. Though it is said to be a global event, most of the current participants and competitors are from the more economically developed economies. It is assumed that there will be prizes but no one seems to know how many. Confusingly, there is a main, general race, but also an education race. Finally, the education and skills communities are hoping to be in both races and get at least one of the prizes in the main race, and many prizes in the education race; but it is not clear which prizes they are after, as there are many different competitors representing education, but it seems that not so many supporting skills development.

Abstract/Sommario: This current working paper is concerned with the evidence-base and justification for the post-2015 education and skills objectives, goals and targets that are being recommended. It reviews the major research-based material making the case for education and skills goals.

Abstract/Sommario: The global economic and financial crisis, which has predictably turned into a major employment crisis, forms the background to the third Global Report on discrimination. The aim of the Report is to provide a dynamic picture of trends over the last four years and present some findings, conclusions and recommendations for future action by the ILO and its constituents. On the positive side, there is more legislation, there are more institutional initiatives, and, in general, a growing awa ...; [Leggi tutto...] The global economic and financial crisis, which has predictably turned into a major employment crisis, forms the background to the third Global Report on discrimination. The aim of the Report is to provide a dynamic picture of trends over the last four years and present some findings, conclusions and recommendations for future action by the ILO and its constituents. On the positive side, there is more legislation, there are more institutional initiatives, and, in general, a growing awareness of the need to overcome discrimination at work. However, capacity does not keep pace with the political will, and a prolonged economic downturn exposes structural weaknesses and even aggravates structural discrimination. Furthermore, the agenda of discrimination at work is continuously diversifying, and new challenges arise where old ones remain at best only partially answered.

Abstract/Sommario: Germany experienced one of the most dramatic declines in output as a result of the crisis. And yet employment fell only marginally. This study shows how this was achieved through a carefully designed job-centred strategy. It also highlights areas where action is needed in order to consolidate economic recovery. In particular, by making the labour market more attractive to workers, Germany would be rewarded with significant gains, both economic and social.

Abstract/Sommario: The annual Global employment trends reports provide the latest global and regional estimates of employment and unemployment, employment by sector, vulnerable employment, labour productivity and working poverty, while also analysing country-level issues and trends in the labour market. Based on the most recently available data and taking into account macroeconomic trends and forecasts, it reports seek to shed light on current labour market trends and challenges. The reports build on the ...; [Leggi tutto...] The annual Global employment trends reports provide the latest global and regional estimates of employment and unemployment, employment by sector, vulnerable employment, labour productivity and working poverty, while also analysing country-level issues and trends in the labour market. Based on the most recently available data and taking into account macroeconomic trends and forecasts, it reports seek to shed light on current labour market trends and challenges. The reports build on the Key Indicators of the Labour Market and include a consistent set of tables with regional and global estimates of labour market indicators. Each report contains a short-term labour market outlook, focusing on unemployment, vulnerable employment and working poverty. The report 2012 takes stock of labour market developments and emerging challenges as the world continues to struggle to forge a sustainable recovery from the global economic and jobs crisis.

Abstract/Sommario: Global Employment Trends 2013 highlights how the crisis is increasingly raising trend unemployment rates, partly driven by sectoral shifts of jobs that had been triggered by the crisis. Despite historically low interest rates in many advanced economies, investment and employment have not shown tangible signs of recovery. Depressed growth prospects have started to spread to the developing world, where low productivity and wage growth continues to remain an issue in most regions, prevent ...; [Leggi tutto...] Global Employment Trends 2013 highlights how the crisis is increasingly raising trend unemployment rates, partly driven by sectoral shifts of jobs that had been triggered by the crisis. Despite historically low interest rates in many advanced economies, investment and employment have not shown tangible signs of recovery. Depressed growth prospects have started to spread to the developing world, where low productivity and wage growth continues to remain an issue in most regions, preventing improvements in employment and disposable incomes, in particular among poorer countries, and adding to a rise in global inequality. The report argues that in countries with high and rising unemployment, job guarantee programmes for targeted labour market groups should be the preferred policy measure. Moreover, rising labour market discouragement and structural unemployment should be tackled with new skills and training initiatives to help jobseekers find employment in alternative industries and to promote their employability more broadly. Other possible areas of intervention are further investments in public infrastructure in developing countries and a swift implementation of financial market regulation to help stabilize the macroeconomic environment and stimulate job creation.

Abstract/Sommario: The weakening of the global recovery in 2012 and 2013 has further aggravated the youth jobs crisis and the queues for available jobs have become longer and longer for some unfortunate young jobseekers. So long, in fact, that many youth are giving up on the job search. The prolonged jobs crisis also forces the current generation of youth to be less selective about the type of job they are prepared to accept, a tendency that was already evident before the crisis. Increasing numbers of yo ...; [Leggi tutto...] The weakening of the global recovery in 2012 and 2013 has further aggravated the youth jobs crisis and the queues for available jobs have become longer and longer for some unfortunate young jobseekers. So long, in fact, that many youth are giving up on the job search. The prolonged jobs crisis also forces the current generation of youth to be less selective about the type of job they are prepared to accept, a tendency that was already evident before the crisis. Increasing numbers of youth are now turning to available part‐time jobs or find themselves stuck in temporary employment. Secure jobs, which were once the norm for previous generations – at least in the advanced economies – have become less easily accessible for today’s youth.

Abstract/Sommario: Incorporating the most recent labour market information available, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment and unemployment. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available ...; [Leggi tutto...] Incorporating the most recent labour market information available, Global Employment Trends for Youth sets out the youth labour market situation around the world. It shows where progress has or has not been made, updates world and regional youth labour market indicators, and gives detailed analyses of medium-term trends in youth population, labour force, employment and unemployment.

The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristics, sectors and skills, as well as examining the impact of technological change on inequalities in youth labour markets.

Abstract/Sommario: The 2012/13 edition looks at the macroeconomic effects of wages, and in particular at how current trends are linked to equitable growth. The gap between wage growth and labour productivity growth is widening, the difference between the top and bottom earners is increasing, and the labour income share is declining. These worrying changes affect the key components of aggregate demand – particularly consumption, investment and net exports – that are necessary for recovery and growth. The ...; [Leggi tutto...] The 2012/13 edition looks at the macroeconomic effects of wages, and in particular at how current trends are linked to equitable growth. The gap between wage growth and labour productivity growth is widening, the difference between the top and bottom earners is increasing, and the labour income share is declining. These worrying changes affect the key components of aggregate demand – particularly consumption, investment and net exports – that are necessary for recovery and growth. The report looks at the reasons for these trends, which range from the increasing financial and trade globalization to advances in technology and the decline in union density. The report calls for internal and external “rebalancing” to achieve more socially and economically sustainable outcomes within and across countries, proposing policy actions beyond labour markets and national borders.

Abstract/Sommario: The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and ...; [Leggi tutto...] The 2014/15 edition examines the link between wages and inequality at the household level. It shows that wages constitute the largest single source of income for households with at least one member of working age in most countries and points to changes in wages and paid employment as key factors underlying recent trends in inequality. The report also considers wage gaps between certain groups, such as those between women and men, migrants and nationals, and workers in the informal and formal economy.

Abstract/Sommario: This report analyses the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends globally and by region. It provides data on the links between wages and productivity, labour income shares, wage inequality, minimum wages and gender pay gaps. The 2016/17 edition also examines inequality at the workplace level, providing empirical evidence on the extent to which wage inequality is the result of wage inequality between enterprises as well as wage inequality within ...; [Leggi tutto...] This report analyses the evolution of real wages around the world, giving a unique picture of wage trends globally and by region. It provides data on the links between wages and productivity, labour income shares, wage inequality, minimum wages and gender pay gaps. The 2016/17 edition also examines inequality at the workplace level, providing empirical evidence on the extent to which wage inequality is the result of wage inequality between enterprises as well as wage inequality within enterprises. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages.

Abstract/Sommario: The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.

Abstract/Sommario: The 2020-21 edition also reviews minimum wage systems across the world and identifies the conditions under which minimum wages can reduce inequality. The report presents comprehensive data on levels of minimum wages, their effectiveness, and the number and characteristics of workers paid at or below the minimum. The report highlights how adequate minimum wages, statutory or negotiated, can play a key role in a human-centred recovery from the crisis.

Abstract/Sommario: This 2nd edition of the global estimates report on migrant workers provides information on the order of magnitude of labour migration. It begins with a presentation of the main results obtained and a description of what is being estimated. It then provides a detailed description and analysis of the global and regional estimates of migrant workers in 2017, with a breakdown by income group, gender and age. The report also describes the sources and methodology used, the nature and quality ...; [Leggi tutto...] This 2nd edition of the global estimates report on migrant workers provides information on the order of magnitude of labour migration. It begins with a presentation of the main results obtained and a description of what is being estimated. It then provides a detailed description and analysis of the global and regional estimates of migrant workers in 2017, with a breakdown by income group, gender and age. The report also describes the sources and methodology used, the nature and quality of the data, as well as the corresponding limitations. Three annexes complement the material presented in the main body of the report.

Abstract/Sommario: This paper forms part of the regional analyses the ILO has been conducting to improve the knowledge of the youth employment measures taken by countries to promote the recovery of the youth labour markets. It is organized around four chapters. The first one introduces the salient aspects of the global crisis and its impact on youth employment. The second chapter analyses the effect of the crisis on the main youth labour market indicators, while the third one reviews the policies and pro ...; [Leggi tutto...] This paper forms part of the regional analyses the ILO has been conducting to improve the knowledge of the youth employment measures taken by countries to promote the recovery of the youth labour markets. It is organized around four chapters. The first one introduces the salient aspects of the global crisis and its impact on youth employment. The second chapter analyses the effect of the crisis on the main youth labour market indicators, while the third one reviews the policies and programmes adopted by countries to mitigate the effects of the crisis on young people. The concluding chapter distils lessons learn from the recent and past crises and highlights a number of implications that may be considered by policy-makers while designing interventions to support young workers during economic recovery. The paper is complemented with an inventory of youth employment measures taken by countries during the recent crisis (Annex I).

Abstract/Sommario: This open access book analyses intercultural dialogue as a concept, policy and ideal in European education policy documentation. The core European transnational organizatons – the Council of Europe and the European Union – have actively promoted policies to engender inclusive societies and respond to challenges that diversification may entail. This book, in turn, offers suggestions for improving education policies in super-diversified Europe and beyond, where there is an increasing nee ...; [Leggi tutto...] This open access book analyses intercultural dialogue as a concept, policy and ideal in European education policy documentation. The core European transnational organizatons – the Council of Europe and the European Union – have actively promoted policies to engender inclusive societies and respond to challenges that diversification may entail. This book, in turn, offers suggestions for improving education policies in super-diversified Europe and beyond, where there is an increasing need for cultural understanding and constructive dialogue. The authors utilize concept analysis to reveal how these organizations seek to deal with dialogue between cultures, as well as weight given to cultural differences and intercultural encounters. This book will be of interest and value to scholars of intercultural dialogue and European education policies.

Abstract/Sommario: This book is the first comprehensive account of the International Labour Organization’s 100-year history. At its heart is the concept of global social policy, which encompasses not only social policy in its national and international dimensions, but also development policy, world trade, international migration and human rights. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristic ...; [Leggi tutto...] This book is the first comprehensive account of the International Labour Organization’s 100-year history. At its heart is the concept of global social policy, which encompasses not only social policy in its national and international dimensions, but also development policy, world trade, international migration and human rights. The 2020 edition discusses the implications of technological change for the nature of jobs available to young people. It focuses on shifts in job characteristics, sectors and skills, as well as examining the impact of technological change on inequalities in youth labour markets.

Abstract/Sommario: This edited book addresses a range of aspects of internationalization in vocational education and training (VET) in different countries. It considers the impact of internationalization and student mobility on VET at the sectoral, institutional and individual levels as the sector emerges as a key tool for social and structural change in developing nations and as a flexible and entrepreneurial means of growth in developed nations. The book explores not only the effects of the neo-liberal ...; [Leggi tutto...] This edited book addresses a range of aspects of internationalization in vocational education and training (VET) in different countries. It considers the impact of internationalization and student mobility on VET at the sectoral, institutional and individual levels as the sector emerges as a key tool for social and structural change in developing nations and as a flexible and entrepreneurial means of growth in developed nations. The book explores not only the effects of the neo-liberal market principle underpinning VET practices and reforms, but importantly considers internationalization as a powerful force for change in vocational education and training. As the first volume in the world that examines internationalization practices in VET, the book provides VET and international education policymakers, practitioners, researchers and educators with both conceptual knowledge and practical insights into the implementation of internationalization in VET.

Abstract/Sommario: The document gives a global comparative picture of the performance of specific sectors in the first half of 2010 highlighting the activities that are contributing to the jobs recovery as well as those where progress is rather slow or stagnant. The document also explores some of the elements that seem to be shaping the recovery at sector-specific level in the short-term, such as the constrains on private consumption and the possible implications of fiscal consolidation plans in certain ...; [Leggi tutto...] The document gives a global comparative picture of the performance of specific sectors in the first half of 2010 highlighting the activities that are contributing to the jobs recovery as well as those where progress is rather slow or stagnant. The document also explores some of the elements that seem to be shaping the recovery at sector-specific level in the short-term, such as the constrains on private consumption and the possible implications of fiscal consolidation plans in certain sectors and countries, and draws attention to other significant effects that may result in structural and long-term changes across some industries.